Foundation 2 Questions 1-11

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Question 1

Which of these is true of the endocrine system?

  1. Secretes hormones that are transported to target cells by blood
  2. Causes changes in metabolic activities
  3. Effects are prolonged
  4. All of above are true
  5. None of above are true

The correct answer is option All of above are true.

Correct Answer Explanation – Hormones: Chemical messengers that are secreted (released) from glands into the blood and affect cells in another part of the body
a. hormones are released into the blood to create an effect in the target cells
b. Hormones, such as epinephrine can cause an increase in metabolism
c. Effects last as long as hormone is in the blood
d. None of the above is incorrect due to process of elimination

Question 2

Each hormone’s organ specificity is determined by:

  1. Its ability to interact with a specific receptor
  2. Whether it is lipophilic or lipophobic
  3. Whether it is Hydrophobic or Hydrophillic
  4. Whether it is a corticosteroid or a gonadotropic hormone
  5. The signalling cascade it initiates

The correct answer is option a. Its ability to interact with a specific receptor

The organ specificity is determined by the interaction with a receptor and if it will bond
b. if a hormone is lipophillic or lipophobic will not effect the specificty but if it is able to reach the receptor
c. if the hormone is hydrophobic or hydrophillic it will not affect the specificty but if it can reach the receptor
d. Corticotropic and gonadotropic hormones can affect which receptor they interact with but do not change the indervidual specificty
e. The signalling cascade will only affect the response to a hormone binding

Question 3

Unlike polypeptide hormones, steroid hormones:

  1. Demonstrate rapid onset of effect
  2. Dissolve in the blood stream
  3. Are more likely to have an associated receptor in the cytosol or nucleus
  4. More commonly function via specific secondary messengers
  5. Are more rapidly degraded and therefore demonstrate more temporary effects

The correct answer is option c. Are more likely to have an associated receptor in the cytosol or nucleus

c is the correct answer as they will bind in the cytosol and nucleus as the hormone effects RNA transcription
a. Steroid hormones have a slower onset due to needing to diffuse into the cell and then change transcription factors
b. Steroid hormones are hydrophobic so will need to travel bound to plasma proteins
d. Steroid hormones don’t use secondary messengers due to not binding onto the membrane
e. Steroid hormones have elongated effects due to changing protein expression

Question 4

Steroid hormones include which of the following:

  1. Thyroid hormones and adrenal cortical hormones
  2. Pancreatic and thyroid hormones
  3. Sex hormones and adrenal medullary hormones
  4. Sex hormones and adrenal cortical hormones
  5. Thyroid hormones and parathyroid hormones

The correct answer is option d. Sex hormones and adrenal cortical hormones

d is correct as sex hormones such as androgens are steroids as are corticol adrenal hormones
a. Thyroid hormones are modified amino acids that have been iodinated
b. Pancreatic hormones such as insulin are peptide hormones and thyroid hormones are modified amino acid proteins
c. Sex hormones are steroid hormones but medullary hormones such as epinephrine are peptide hormones
Thyroid hormones are iodinated modified amino acids

Question 5

Which Zone of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone

  1. Glomerulosa
  2. Fasciculata
  3. Reticularis
  4. Medulla
  5. Nephrolata

The correct answer is option a. Glomerulosa

Glomerulsa is correct as this is where aldosterone is released from
b. The Fasciculata releases glucocorticoids such as cortisol
c. The reticularis is responsible for androgen production
d. The medulla is responsible for catecholamine release
e. THe nephrolata is made up and does not exist in the adrenal gland

Question 6

The concentration of hormones in the bloodstream is regulated by:

  1. Production of receptor antagonists
  2. Positive and negative feedback loops
  3. Indirect growth-promoting effects
  4. Direct growth-promoting effects
  5. Production of receptor agonists

The correct answer is option b. Positive and negative feedback loops

Feedback loops control the release of hormones by either promting or inhibiting the release of the hormones
a. Receptor antagonists decrease the effects of a hormone, but not the concentration of the hormones
c. Indirect growth-promoting effects is the effects of hormone IGF-1 causing muscle growth
d. direct growth-promoting effects is the GH effects on the body
e. receptor agonists would not control hormone concentration but would increase the effects of the hormones due to the receptor being activated more often

Question 7

Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus would be classified as:

  1. Paracrine
  2. Endocrine
  3. Autocrine
  4. Neurocrine
  5. Gap junction signalling

The correct answer is option a. Paracrine

This type of signalling is paracrine as the cells signalling are next to eachother
b. Endocrine signalling involves hormones being released in the blood
c. Autocrine is signalling from the cell to the same cells
d. neurocrine signalling is the signalling across the synaptic cleft
e. Gapjunction signalling is through the gap junction and not typically a hormone

Question 8

All of the following are true of posterior pituitary hormones EXCEPT:

  1. They are released from the posterior pituitary
  2. They include antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
  3. They include prolactin and growth hormone
  4. A nerve signal from the hypothalamus stimulates their release
  5. They are not involved in autoregulation

The correct answer is option c. They include prolactin and growth hormone

c is correct due to the posterior pituitary releasing oxytocin and ADH
a. this is correct as the hormones are released from the posterior pituitary
b. ADH and oxytocin are released from the posterior pituitary
d. this is true as the hypothalimus is connected to the posterior pituitary by the stalk
e. These are involved in positive and negative feedback loop due to homeostasis, not autoregulation

Question 9

All of the following are hormones of the anterior pituitary EXCEPT:

  1. Human growth hormone (GH)
  2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  3. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  5. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

The correct answer is option e. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

e is correct as TRH is released from the hypothalimus
a. GH is released from the anterior pituitary
b. FSH is released from the anterior pituitary
c. PTH is released from the anteruor pituitary
d. TSH is released from the anterior pituitary

Question 10

Antibodies directed against pancreatic cells result in these cells’ destruction. What laboratory abnormality might be seen in this scenario?

  1. Elevated serum calcium
  2. Elevated serum glucose
  3. Depressed serum sodium
  4. Depressed serum calcium
  5. Depressed serum glucose

The correct answer is option b. Elevated serum glucose

b is correct as the decrease in insulin production stops the body responding to higher levels
a. Pancreatic cells do not interact with calcium
c. Pancreatic cells do not interact with calcium. Pancreatic cells do not interact with calcium
d. Pancreatic cells do not interact with calcium
e. pancreatic cells would increase not decrease serum glucose

Question 11

Which gland controls basal metabolic rate (BMR):

  1. Parathyroid
  2. Thyroid
  3. Testes
  4. Ovaries
  5. Pancreas

The correct answer is option b. Thyroid

b is correct as the thyroid gland produces T3 which controls BMR
a. The parathyroid hormones regulate calcium
c. the testes produce androgens
d. The ovaries produce femal sex hormones
e. The pancreas is involved in regulation of blood glucose levels